What is Perioral Dermatitis?

Perioral dermatitis is a skin condition mostly affecting women and children. This is an inflammatory condition characterized by small pustules and papules that assume a perioral distribution (around the mouth).

Small Lesions Around the Mouth that Characterize Perioral Dermatitis

This condition sparks and interest among a few because this is a newly emerged disease. Considered to be a disease of the modern era, cases of perioral dermatitis have been recorded just in the recent years of the 50s and 60s. Interestingly, this is the same era when fluoride toothpastes and corticosteroids are used.

Where does the Lesions Emerge?

Aside from the area surrounding the mouth, perioral dermatitis lesions are also seen to affect other parts of the body. Lesions can also be seen around the eye (perioccular) and nostrils (nasolabial folds). Because lesions are not only contained around the mouth, it is now more correctly termed as periorificial dermatitis (peri-around, orifice-opening).

Lesions affecting the rest of the face

Who are the Ones Most Affected?

• Children 6 months to 16 years old
• Women 17-45 years old

Perioral Dermatitis in Children

There are lesser incidences of perioral dermatitis in children. This condition is seen more common in adults than in people of younger ages. But nonetheless, there are still reported cases of perioral dermatitis among children. This condition affects children as young as 6 months to 16 or 18 years of age, and the condition can last up to 8 months.

Symptoms & signs in children

• Papules, pustules or even vesicles appearing around the mouth
• Same eruptions can also occur periorbitally (around the eyes) or perinasally (around the nose)
• Eruptions are accompanied by pruritus
• Eczematous in some cases
• 70% of lesions are perioral
• 43% occurs around the nose
• 25% occurs around the eyes

Causes in children

The exact cause of perioral dermatitis remains unknown, but steroid (whether topical or inhaled) is strongly related to the condition. Almost 72% of periorificial dermatitis in children is correlated with inhaled and topical corticosteroids. The remaining is also attributed to the use of:

1. Cosmetic agents
2. Fluorinated toothpastes
3. Topical fluorinated corticosteroids
4. Other irritants or chemical agents.

Perioral Dermatitis in Adults

Symptoms in adults

• Emergence of small papules, pustules or vesicles around the mouth, nose or eyes
• Erythema or redness in the areas of the lesions
• Drying or scaling of the skin on the affected area
• Itching or pruritus
• Burning or stinging sensation (may occur after or during brushing)
• Lesions forming a complete circle around the mouth except at the vermillion border

Causes in adults

Corticosteroid Use

Perioral dermatitis is primarily attributed to corticosteroid use. Certain studies reveal that 71 out of 73 cases of perioral dermatitis have corticosteroid use. In children almost 72% used topical corticosteroids before the emergence of the condition. The exact mechanism why topical corticosteroids cause such condition is still unknown. But experts speculate that topical corticosteroids reduce the protective skin layer and also decrease the size of skin cells (keratinocytes).

Indirect use of corticosteroids is also seen to cause or worsen perioral dermatitis; this is commonly seen in children who use inhaled corticosteroids to treat asthma. Long term use of these corticosteroid inhalers is also seen to have a relation with perioral dermatitis, even if it is not in direct contact with the skin.

Fluorinated Toothpastes/Creams

Another factor seen to cause perioral dermatitis is the use of fluorinated toothpastes, or other fluorine containing compounds. In a study conducted to 65 patients with perioral dermatitis, it was found that almost all of them used fluoride toothpastes. Replacing the toothpastes with non-fluoride relieved the patients of their symptoms.

Microorganisms

In certain cases, particular microbial specie is attributed to perioral dermatitis. Although studies are not yet conclusive, certain cases were seen to be related to the emergence of this condition. Microorganisms seen to cause perioral dermatitis include:

1. Fusiform Bacteria
2. Dermodexfolliculorum
3. Microscopic mites

Certain expert say that the “immune suppressing” effect of corticosteroids may have contributed to the proliferation of such microorganisms. This then leads to perioral dermatitis.

Use of Cosmetics, and other Facial Products

According to certain studies, the use of cosmetics and other facial products can also cause perioral dermatitis. Female patients using night creams, cosmetics, moisturizers and foundation predisposes them to developing perioral dermatitis by 13-fold (according to a clinical trial). Though the exact ingredient that causes this reaction is unknown, patients with perioral dermatitis are advised to discontinue the use of the offending product.

Treatment of Perioral Dermatitis

Discontinuation of Topical Corticosteroids, Fluoride Containing Compounds, and Facial Products

Patients who have a history of topical corticosteroid use, fluoride containing compounds and other facial products are advised to discontinue the offending agents immediately. This would improve the patient’s condition and prevent further occurrence of the lesions.

Discontinuation of corticosteroid use can cause a short term flare of perioral dermatitis. To manage this, following interventions can be done:

1. Replacement with a less potent cream such as 1% Hydrocotisone or desonide cream
2. Topical calcineurin inhibitors
3. 1% Pimecrolimus to reduce the flares
4. Replacement of corticosteroids with Intramuscular injections

Oral antibiotics

Oral doses of Tetracycline 200-250 mg two times a day is highly effective in treating perioral dermatitis. Tetracycline treatment is usually given to adults or patients older than 12 years old. This is because the medication can cause enamel staining in children of a younger age.

For children, 250 mg or erythromycin twice or thrice daily is seen to relieve the lesions and other symptoms of perioral dermatitis.

Minocycline and doxycycline 100 mg twice a day is also effective. For minocycline and doxycycline treatment should be as follows:

1. Full strength dose to last for 3-4 weeks (or until lesions are lessened)
2. Half strength dose to last for an additional 2-4 weeks until the rash has resolved
3. Topical Antibiotics

Application of topical antibiotics is seen to hasten the reduction of perioral dermatitis symptoms. Topical antibiotics such as the following can effectively treat perioral dermatitis

1. 1% metronidazole applied two times a day
2. 2% erythromycin ointment
3. Clindamycin gel

Diet for Perioral Dermatitis

Diet Rich In Vitamins A, E and B12

These vitamins promote a healthy skin. Vitamin A helps in regeneration new skin cells, while Vitamin E helps reduce inflammation and protects your skin cells from further damage. Vitamin B12, on the other hand strengthens the skin’s protective barrier preventing further damage and irritation.

Failsafe Diet

The failsafe regimen stands for a diet free of additives, low in salicylates, amines and artificial ingredients. Such compounds can worsen or start an eruption, following this diet for at least 2 to four weeks can help lessen the lesions.

Probiotics and Vitamin C

Probiotics and Vitamin C share one action, and that is to boost the immune system in fighting infections and controlling inflammation. Since perioral dermatitis can be worsened by a secondary infection, preventing such would hasten your recovery.

Is Perioral Dermatitis Contagious?

Perioral dermatitis is not a contagious disease. Contact with a person with perioral dermatitis doesn’t mean you would also acquire the same condition. Perioral dermatitis is an inflammatory skin condition; the primary cause of this is a person’s reaction to an offending agent. The reaction is limited only to the person affected, the same agent that causes this cannot be spread to other people, and it may or may not cause the same reaction.

Perioral Dermatitis Pictures

Perioral Dermatitis with Erythema and Swelling of the Lips

Perioccular Lesions that May Spread from Perioral Dermatitis

What is Obstipation?

A type of severe form of constipation called Obstipation or Obstructive Constipation which results from an obstruction in the intestines. It’s a state where the intestines are not fully emptied or there is a failure to pass out stool or gas that will lead to intestinal obstruction. It actually caused by an accumulation of hardened stools due to infrequent bowel movement. There is no specific diagnostic exam for obstipation. Medical professionals just used the patient’s medical history and the presenting signs and symptoms to identify the disease.

Symptoms of Obstipation

The clinical features shown can deceive or mislead the disease. Obstruction cannot be identified immediately without further diagnostic analysis. Obstipation presents as:

1. Constipation
2. Abdominal distention
3. Abdominal pain
4. Painful cramps
5. Nausea and Vomiting
6. Bloating
7. Indigestion
8. Fever
9. Hard stools every 3-5 days or Diarrhea that might be accompanied with blood in the stools
10. Loss of appetite
11. Tachycardia
12. Increase bowel sounds
13. Hiccups

Causes of Obstipation

The intestines are composed of large and small intestines which are the longest parts in alimentary tract. These two are the usual sites of obstruction and within them there are specific causes for the obstruction.

Small Intestine (blocked bowel)

Most cases of small intestinal obstruction are due to mechanical causes. The most common causes of obstruction are:

1. Adhesion – formation of scar tissue inside the abdomen. This scar that is a result of surgery may form a lump or a bridge that might trap surrounding organs and throttle the bowel.
2. Hernias – is a protrusion of an organ through the wall cavity that may create dilated sacs with a narrow entry point. Any abdominal structure can be trapped especially the small intestine that will result a strangulation that will lead to obstruction.
3. Intussusceptions – is the enfolding of one segment of the intestines to another that will result to blockage in the intestine.
4. Tumors – is an abnormal mass of tissue that will cause a blockage in the intestine.
5. Volvulus – is a bowel obstruction that is abnormally twisted that will cause obstruction and ischemia.
6. Inflammatory bowel disease – is a group of inflammatory condition of both the colon and small intestines. Prolong inflammation caused by a disease can result in hypertrophy and fibrosis on the wall of the small intestines which can result in restriction.

Large Intestine (blocked colon)

Most cases are also cause mechanically. An obstruction in the large intestines can affect cecum, colon, and even rectum. The blockage should be treated immediately even if it is partial or complete blockage. The most common causes of obstruction are:

Similar with Small intestine:

1. Intussusceptions
2. Hernia
3. Volvulus
4. Inflammatory bowel disease
5. Tumors

Only in Large intestine:

1. Diverticulitis – involves the formation of pouches or diverticula on the outside of the colon. It is a situation when these diverticula are inflamed. Persistent inflammation can result to a scar or tissue formation that will result into an obstruction.
2. Impacted feces – is a solid, immobile bulk stool in the rectum. This result will contribute to painful defecation and because of the pain it will cause the person to avoid defecating.
3. Hirschsprung’s disease – is a congenital defect which one of the parts of the colon is not present or dysfunctional. The affected segment of the colon fails to relax or there is no reflex of contraction, causing obstruction.

Other causes

1. Low fiber diet
2. Decrease water intake
3. Gallstone

Treatment of Obstipation

Natural treatment for Obstipation

1. Eat foods that are high in fiber such as apples, oranges, raisins, strawberries, almonds, oats, wheat bread, peanuts, and fresh green leafy vegetables.
2. Increase fluid intake to 4-5 liters a day
3. Have at least 30 minutes exercise daily like simple running and walking can do to prevent obstipation.

Other treatments for Obstipation

1. Nasogastric suctioning for small and large bowel obstruction. Nasogastric suctioning is a process where a tube is inserted through the nose and suctions any materials that causes the obstruction.
2. Medications such as lactulose, sorbitol, polycarbophil, and other osmotic laxatives that will help patients for defecating. Laxatives are drugs that promote bowel movement that will help the person who is suffering from obstipation to defecate.
3. In some cases, surgery or colonoscopy is required. Colonoscopy is the internal examination of the colon and rectum that help the doctors to provide visual diagnosis of the blockage that might cause the obstruction.
4. For severe episodes of pain, narcotic pain medication is given to relieve the pain that the person is experiencing. Narcotic agents are strong and potentially addictive so only the physicians can administers this type of drug.

Obstipation Remedies

Obstipation is a severe form of constipation which the person has a difficulty in defecating and has a tendency to vomit. If a person is suffering from obstipation, the abdominal area will be tender and the person can have infrequent bowel movements. This makes the person feel full and irritated. Having a good diet plays a major role in obstipation. Processed foods, chocolates, pizza and those you buy at fast food chains mostly contain foods that are low in fiber. To cure obstipation, have a high fiber diet like whole grain bread, oatmeal, green salads, vegetables and fruits as well as increase your daily fluid intake. And also have at least 30 minutes of exercise daily. The exercise routine can be as simple as walking, cycling, jogging or any such activity that will require the whole body to move.

There are herbal remedies that might help any person who experience severe constipation. This remedy should be only a second priority if all natural methods like exercise and diet fails. It may be recommended after surgical procedures. These herbal medicines are:

1. Aloe Vera – most powerful herbal that involves using the outer part of the leave. It should be cautiously used because of its strong effect.
2. Elderflower – can be used at irregular times or only when you cannot defecate
3. Licorice – is a common home remedy that works as a gentle laxative
4. Guava, Orange and Papaya is also a good remedy and its very accessible compare to other remedy.

Complications of Obstipation

1. Dehydration
2. Ischemic bowel disease will cause a lack of blood flow to the intestine as a result of a blockage caused by obstipation.
3. Intestinal obstruction is a condition with which the normal flow in the intestine is block.

If it’s not treated immediately in can lead to:

1. Peritonitis is an infection in the abdomen.
2. Sepsis is a bacterial infection in the blood stream.