What is Itchy Throat?

Itchy throat is a phenomenon where there is an irritating sensation in the throat that may sometimes be accompanied by coughing as a means to clear the throat. An itchy throat is also called as sore throat or strep throat.

Causes of sore throat include infection, inflammation, allergy, malignancy, trauma and obstruction in the airway. Most of the cases of sore throat are mild and can be managed by remedies. Some may be caused by serious illnesses that need medical attention.

Itchy throat sometimes do not occur as a single symptom. Most often, associated symptoms occur such as:

1. Difficulty in swallowing
2. Hoarseness or difficulty speaking
3. Pain
4. Presence of secretions
5. Itchy eyes
6. Runny nose

Some cases of infection that lead to sore throat are accompanied by fever and flu-like symptoms.

Throat Anatomy

The throat is composed of two areas: the pharynx and larynx

The pharynx is the space located just below the oral cavity before the opening of the esophagus. The pharynx is divided into three parts:

1. Nasopharynx– The nasopharynx is the space at the back of the nasal cavity. It receives the air from the nose.
2. Oropharynx– The oropharynx is the space at the back of the oral cavity which receives food before it enters the esophagus.
3. Laryngopharyx – The laryngopharynx is the space between the epiglottis and the esophagus. It is the entrance toward the larynx.

The larynx is the voice box, which vibrates to enable us to speak. It is just above the opening of the trachea. This is the reason that coughing is a symptom of an itchy throat because the trachea (wind pipe) is also irritated.

To prevent food from entering the larynx into the lungs, the epiglottis covers the voice box during swallowing.

Itchy throat both affects the pharynx and the larynx giving rise to the symptoms discussed earlier.

Symptoms of Itchy Throat

The walls of the throat are lined by mucous membrane responsible for protecting the throat from irritating and foreign substances. It contains nerves that stimulate the body to cough whenever it becomes irritated. It also contains mucus-producing cells that secrete a sticky substance to trap any microorganisms and prevent it from entering the lungs.

Itchy Throat Causes

A number of conditions lead to an itchy throat. They include the following:

1. Dry Throat

Dry mucous membranes cause an irritating sensation in the throat. Common reasons for a dry throat are: cold weather, mouth breathing due to clogged nose, dehydration, smoking, alcohol intake, medication intake (antidepressants, anticholinergics, antihistamine, barbiturates, diuretics, opium and sprays), too much caffeine and illnesses such as Sjögren’s syndrome (causes dry mouth).

2. Foreign Body in the Throat

Presence of fish bone or food particles in the throat causes irritation and coughing.

3. Overuse of Voice

Prolonged speaking, shouting or singing gives tension to the voice box and pharynx leading to itchy throat. Resting the voice is the most effective treatment.

4. Toxic Substances

Pollution, factory smoke, laboratory chemicals, volatile substances, paint, cigarette smoke and cocaine irritates the mucosal lining of the throat causing itchiness and other symptoms. Toxic black mold, a fungus that thrives on wet surroundings such as the bathroom also irritates the throat.

5. Throat Infection

Certain infections affect the throat and cause itchiness and inflammation. Infections can arise from bacterial, viral and fungal infection.

Viral infections include colds, flu, mumps, measles, chicken pox, infectious mononucleosis, bird flu and herpes simplex type 1 (oral herpes).

Bacterial infections that may cause itchy throat are diptheria, streptococcal infection, chronic pharyngitis, croup, epiglotitis, tonsillitis and peritonsilar abscess.

Fungal infections, on the other hand, include Candidiasis or oral thrush and mucormycosis (fungal infection of the throat caused by a mold found in bread)

7. Illnesses on the Adjacent Structures

Any infection or condition arising from near organs can also affect the throat. These diseases include, but are not limited to sinusitis, ozena (chronic inflammation of the nasal cavity caused by Klebsiella bacteria), dental infection, bronchitis, pneumonia and tuberculosis. Pericarditis, the inflammation of the outer covering of the heart, may compress nerves that innervate the throat leading to irritation. In addition, a disease that causes an abnormal secretion of the exocrine glands, called Cystic fibrosis, also irritates the throat because of excessive production of mucus.

8. Allergy

Allergies to food, drugs and environmental allergies also cause an itchy throat. Associated symptoms include runny nose, watery and itchy eyes and sometimes difficulty of breathing and wheezing.

9. Systemic diseases

Diseases that include rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, Sjögren’s syndrome, vasculitis and sclerosis may also affect the tissues in the throat causing itchiness and inflammation.

10. Disorders in the Neck and Throat Tumors/Cancer

Growth in the pharynx, larynx and neck gives pressure on nerve endings that sends signal to the central nervous system to stimulate the person to cough. An enlarged thyroid also leads similar symptoms.

11. Stomach Acid Irritation

As a result of vomiting or acid reflux, the throat becomes irritated by the acidic juices that make the throat itchy.

12. Procedures involving the Throat

Endotracheal intubation and endoscopy causes the flexible tubes to irritate the lining of the throat. Local anesthesia is used during endoscopic examinations to numb the area and prevent coughing while the scope is being inserted.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of itchy throat begins with a medical history to assess any predisposing factors. Local manifestations in the throat are also examined to determine the underlying cause such as checking the tonsils for swelling and enlargement. Further diagnostic procedures may be done which include the following:

Throat Culture and Sensitivity Testing

When infection is suspected, throat culture is done to determine the causative microorganism.

Complete Blood Count

Blood tests are done to determine specific infections such as infectious mononucleosis. Mono-spot is a specific test for the said disease.

Skin Patch Testing

This is done when allergy is suspected, which is done by placing small amounts of allergens in the skin and checking for local allergic reactions.

Intensive Studies

When serious illnesses such as tumor are suspected, series of imaging tests such as X-ray, CT scans, nuclear scans and MRI are done. Biopsy may also be required to determine malignancy.

Most often, an itchy throat is a mild condition which does not need further tests and exams. However, if recurrent throat irritation and inflammation is experienced, then a medical work-up should be done to determine any underlying cause.

Itchy Throat Treatment

Treatment for itchy throat depends on the underlying cause and other factors determined by the physician. Management for itchy throat itself focuses on relieving the symptom.

Palliative managements for itchy throat include:

• Lozenges. Lozenges contain anesthetics and anti-inflammatory drugs to soothe and relieve sore throat.
• Anti-inflammatory Medications – Medications such as ibuprofen are given to reduce pain and inflammation in the throat.
• Antihistamines – Diphenhydramine, cetirizine and other antihistamines are prescribed for allergic reactions.
• Corticosteroids – Corticosteroids are sometimes given for chronic sore throat. This reduces inflammation and allergic reactions to certain substances. Steroid therapy should only be used in intensive cases of sore throat because it causes several side-effects.
• Antibiotics – Bacterial infection in the throat needs to be treated with antibiotics to eradicate the causative microorganisms.
• Antitussives – Antitussives are medications that suppress cough in cases of dry cough. Antitussives should not be given to patients with productive cough because coughing suppression leads to accumulation of pulmonary secretions.

Home Remedies for Itchy Throat

Home remedies for itchy throat do not treat the underlying cause, but soothes the throat and reduce irritation and itching.

Home remedies for itchy throat include:

1. Drink liberal amounts of water to flush the throat. Have readily available bottle of water to hydrate the area.
2. Gargle with lukewarm water with salt to relieve pain and itchiness. This has been the most common remedy for a sore throat.
3. Try herbal teas mixed with honey. Honey has been proven to provide soothing action in the throat. Teas that contain licorice, honeysuckle, eucalyptus, chamomile, slippery elm and marshmallow root also help in reducing itchiness.
4. Drink ginger decoction. Boil ginger in three cups of water and drink the solution when warm. Commercially prepared ginger powder may also be used.
5. Drink warm milk with turmeric. Prepare one glass of milk with one teaspoon turmeric and drink it before going to bed. Turmeric and milk have soothing effect to the throat.
6. Prepare warm lemon juice. This remedy is also a popular treatment for sore throat.
7. Avoid pollutant and allergens.
8. Avoid mouth breathing and do not overuse your voice.
9. Use indoor humidifiers to moisten the air.
10. Use steam vaporizers. Hot steam moistens the air passage and also unclogs nasal passages.

Home remedies are effective in managing mild cases of sore throat. Itchy throat caused by underlying diseases should be managed promptly with prescribed treatments.

What is Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis?

Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis has an acronym of FSGS. Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis is a medical condition that leads to the person having a urinary protein loss which may eventually progress into the scarring of the person’s glomerular filters which are located in the kidney and this shows the symptoms of kidney failure. The focal and segmental are medical description of the pattern of the kidney damage as seen when viewing under the microscope. Segmental means to say that part of the glomerulus of the person is damage. While focal means to say that there is some scarring of the glomeruli.

Normally, anatomically speaking, we all have glomeruli which functions as filters that aids in getting rid of the harmful and unnecessary waste or substances in the person’s body. Glomeruli are found in the person’s kidney. For every kidney, there are thousands of glomeruli. The single part of the glomeruli is termed as glomerulus.

Difference of a Normal Kidney and a Kidney with FSGS

The persons with Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis who does not undergo treatment may lead to kidney failure in the long run. When that happens, the only treatment available then is either via transplantation of the kidney or renal dialysis. To clear things up, Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis is not a singular disease condition but a classification for a disease condition that has the same histopathology.

Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis Symptoms

Those who are known to have Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis would report some to the following experienced or manifestation of symptoms like:

• Gaining of weight
• Generalized swelling or medically termed as edema which is mostly seen in the legs
• Poor or lack of appetite
• Urine is foamy in nature due to the excess in the protein found in the urine
• Hypertension or high blood pressure
• Abnormal laboratory test such as abnormal creatinine level

Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis Causes

Usually those who have Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis have unknown or idiopathic causes. What we only know is that if affects children as well as adults. According to statistics, men are the higher portion to be affected with Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis. Those who have nephrotic syndrome will also experience Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis.

Despite of the fact that Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis cause is unknown, there are still those persons with Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis who have known causes. The following are the known causes associated with Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis:

• Human Immunodeficiency Virus
• Obesity
• Usage of Heroin
• Sickle cell disease
• Reflux Nephropathy
• Genetic Problems that are inherited
• Obstructive sleep apnea
• Kidney defects since birth

Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis Treatment

With regards to the treatment of Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis, the main goal of Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis is to be able to control the nephrotic syndrome symptoms and prevent the person to experience the chronic form of kidney failure. The following treatments are suggested to persons with Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis:

• Restrictions of fluid which is needed since the disease condition targets the persons kidney
• Transplantation of kidney which is needed especially if the person is in the severe stage of the Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis
• Diet that is low in fat is needed for persons with Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis tends to have high cholesterol and triglyceride level which is bad to one’s health
• Diet that is salt reduced for salt will attract water. Hence, the more salt the body stores or has, the more water will also store inside the person’s body
• Medications such as:

1. Anti inflammatory medications to prevent inflammation process
2. Antibiotic medications to control the opportunistic infection
3. Anti hypertensive medications to manage hypertension
4. Anti cholesterol medications to control cholesterol level
5. Vitamin D supplements to provide the needed vitamin D which the body needs and replaces the loss of vitamin D brought about by the Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis disease condition
6. Diuretic medications to reduce the storing of water and resolve the edema problem
7. Steroid medications to reduce pain
8. Potassium supplement medications to replace the loss of potassium

• Dialysis treatment which is needed when persons with Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis are in the severe form or stage of this disease condition

Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis Prognosis

Sadly, according to statistics, those persons who have Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis will later on develop chronic form of kidney failure within 10 years span of time. However, provided the proper and ideal treatment to the person with Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis can lead to the slowing down or remission of the progression of the Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis. The treatment response of persons with Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis may differ from one person to another. Some persons that have Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis may respond to the treatment initially and it may also relapse or come back in the future. While others, who have Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis will slowly and continually lose the function of the kidney over the span of time.  When that happens, the person is recommended to undergo transplantation of the kidney or dialysis of the kidney.